Pesticides are chemical or biological substances used to protect crops from pests that can destroy or harm them. Pesticides repel, destroy, or reduce pests including insects, pathogens, weeds, and microbes. Over the last 40 years, pesticides have come up as an indispensable tool to increase crop production, globally. Chemically and on the basis of usage, pesticides can be categorized as organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, fungicides, and insecticides. Though, still in the emerging stage, biological pesticides are more beneficial and nontoxic in nature.
Besides carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, plants require different types of nutrients for their growth. Most of the nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and potassium are found in the soil itself. But due to year-by-year farming, soil erosion, and other factors, soil loses its potential to supply the required amount of nutrients to the crops. In order to overcome this, fertilizers are used to fulfill the deficiencies in the soil so that it can supply essential nutrients to the plants. The chemical/inorganic fertilizers are commercially produced in the form of granules or powders, and are mainly classified into three categories: nitrogen fertilizers, phosphorus fertilizers, and potassium fertilizers.

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