a deductive one, meaning that policy-making was derived from ideological knowledge.[89] Under Deng this relationship was turned upside down, with decision-making justifying ideology and not the other way around.[89] Lastly, Chinese policy-makers believe that one of the reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Union was its stagnant state ideology. They therefore believe that their party ideology must be dynamic to safeguard the partys rule, unlike the Soviet Unions communist party, whose ideology they believe became rigid, unimaginative, ossified, and disconnected from reality.[89] Formal ideology[edit] A monument dedicated to Marx (left) and Engels (right) in Shanghai Marxism–Leninism was the first official ideology of the Communist Party of China.[90] According to the CPC, Marxism–Leninism reveals the universal laws governing the development of history of human society.[90] To the CPC, Marxism–Leninism provides a vision of the contradictions in capitalist society and of the inevitability of a future socialist and communist societies.[90] According to the Peoples Daily, Mao Zedong Thought is Marxism–Leninism applied and developed in China.[90] Mao Zedong Thought was conceived not only by Mao Zedong, but by leading party officials.[91] I am a Marxist. The essence of Marxism is change, [...] Barack Obama beat Hillary Clinton by stressing change. The Marxist in China today is not a stubborn, dogmatic, and outdated 19th-century old man, but a dynamic, pro-change, young thinker. We have a flexible approach: if Marxs words are still applicable, we will use them; for things he did not articulate clearly, we will spell them out; for what he did not say, we will boldly come up with something new. —Ye Xiaowen on the role of Marxist thought.[92] While non-Chinese analysts generally agree that the CPC has rejected orthodox Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought (or at least basic thoughts within orthodox thinking), the CPC itself disagrees.[93] Cert