Tens of thousands of people gathered in the Spanish capital Madrid on Sunday to protest against a government plan aimed easing tensions with Catalonia.
They are opposed to Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez's proposal to hold talks with Catalan pro-independence parties.
Catalan separatists, however, have rejected the offer for talks, saying they want a new independence vote.
The rally was called by the opposition center-right and far-right parties, which claim Madrid is betraying the Spanish people by caving to pressure from Catalan separatists.
Demonstrators are also calling for an early election in an attempt to unseat the prime minister.