Esophageal cancer affects the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. It often begins in the cells lining the esophagus and can cause difficulty swallowing, chest pain, weight loss, and persistent coughing. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, and conditions like acid reflux. Early detection is crucial, and treatment options may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or targeted therapies depending on the stage of cancer. Regular check-ups and lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of developing esophageal cancer.